What things should I check before every ride?
Always check the quick-release levers. Open them a little less than half way, not so far that you mess with the wheel alignment, but enough so you can check that they close tightly. Next, check tire pressure - always ride the same pressure so you will be able to trust your bike in the corners. Spin the wheels to check for brake drag, cuts in the tires and wiggly rims. Also, put the front tire in between your knees and twist the stem. Then squeeze the brake levers to ensure that the pads hit the rims at the correct place.
